Mining activities worldwide have culminated in the production of large quantities of tailings, which include significant amounts of naturally occurring radionuclides. Hence, this research was done to quantify the levels of radioactivity and hazard indices present in the soil and rock samples from the gold mines located in Itagunmodi and Iperindo, Osun State. Forty samples were collected and analyzed using a well-calibrated NaI(Tl) detector system. The mean radioactivity of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in soil samples from the Itagunmodi gold mine were 372.07 ± 24.32, 45.25 ± 4.41, and 155.92 ± 8.78 Bq/kg respectively. The average values (in Bq/kg) for 40K, 232Th, and 226Ra in soil from the Iperindo mine were 1315.79 ± 9.67, 444.28 ± 5.55, and 22.87 ± 3.61, respectively. Whereas for the rock samples, the average values for 40K, 232Th, and 226Ra were 569.41 ± 27.24, 233.30 ± 11.38, and 24.67 ± 5.58, respectively. The hazard indices values suggest that the soil and rock samples from Iperindo exhibit higher average values overall, whereas the Eeff values for both mining areas were below the global mean. The findings of this study indicate that there are radiological issues for both the miners and the general population in the vicinity.