1. TRI SISWATI - Department of Nutrition, Center of Excellence for Applied Technology Innovation in The Field of Public
Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta, Tata Bumi No 3, Banyuraden, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia.
2. DODDY IZWARDY - PP Expert Council Indonesian Association of Public Health Experts, Expert Council of the Indonesian
Association of Nutritionists, Indonesia.
3. NURHIDAYAT NURHIDAYAT - Department of Nutrition, Center of Excellence for Applied Technology Innovation in the Field of Public
Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta, Tata Bumi No 3, Banyuraden, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia.
4. AGUS KHARMAYANA RUBAYA - Center of Excellence for Applied Technology Innovation in the Field of Public Health, Department of
Environmental Health, Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta, Tata Bumi No. 3 Banyuraden, Gamping, Sleman,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
5. BAYU SATRIA WIRATAMA - Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and
Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and
Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Stunting is related to various determinants of individual, household and social factors. This study was aimed to identify the determinants of stunting children before and during pandemic COVID-19 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This was cross-sectional national study used secondary data from 2018 and 2021 resourced from nutrition national surveys, central bureau of statistics, agricultural offices, stunting.go.id, and others. As many as 731 children were sampled in 2018 and 2877 in 2021. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used in STATA 15 to examine district to individual risk factors stunting children using sample weighted. Stunting decreased from 24.4% in 2018 to 17.3% in 2021. Height for Age Z-Score (HAZ scores) increased however the increase was larger in the 0-23month age group than 24-59month age. Before and during the pandemic COVID-19, stunting is linked to individual factors: children age >2 years, birth size, and underweight. Before and after the pandemic COVID-19, poverty and rural living were household stunting risk factors. Prior to and during COVID-19, the social determinants associated with stunting were DDP scores and pregnancy health insurance coverage. As a result of long-term and early-life malnutrition, various individual factors are highly associated with stunting. While food insecurity, poverty, health insurance, and rural living might promote stunting.
Stunting, Children, COVID-19. Determinant, Multilevel.